Who were the followers of Priscillian of Avila? Aristocracies, religious controversy and monasticism in fourth-century Spain
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2316-9141.rh.2018.133653Keywords:
Late Antiquity, monasticism, religious controversy, SpainAbstract
There are two contrasting theories regarding the social position of Priscillian of Avila’s (†386) followers: one, certainly the most accepted, considers them wealthy and educated aristocrats; the other, developed in the 1960s and 1970s, depicts them as poor and wronged farmers. This paper contributes to the discussion by presenting a detailed prosopographical study of all the followers of Priscillian known to us. It argues that he attracted people from very different social positions, from humble clerics to distinct senators. Such a study is important to better understand the causes of the fierce antagonism Priscillian suffered and the diffusion of monasticism among Western aristocracies in the fourth century.
Downloads
References
Fontes
ACC = Acta concilii Caesaugustani. RODRÍGUEZ, Félix (ed.). Concilio I de Zaragoza: texto crítico. In: FATÁS CABEZA, Guillermo (org.). I Concilio Caesaraugustano: MDC aniversario. Zaragoza: Institución Fernando el Católico, 1981, p. 9-25.
Amm. Marc. = AMMIANUS MARCELLINUS. Rerum gestarum libri. SELEM, Antonio (ed.). Le storie. Turim: Utet, 2007.
Aus. Par. = AUSONIUS. Parentalia. In: GREEN, R. P. H. (ed.). The works of Ausonius. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991.
Aus. Prof. = AUSONIUS. Commemoratio professorum Burdigalensium. In: GREEN, R. P. H. (ed.). The works of Ausonius. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991.
Coll. Auell. = Collectio Auellana. GUENTHER, Otto (ed.). Epistulae imperatorum pontificum aliorum inde ab a. CCCLXVII usque a. DLIII datae. Auellana quae dicitur collectio. 2 volumes (CSEL 35). Viena: F. Tempsky, 1895-1898.
Exemplar = Exemplar professionum habitarum in concilio Toletano contra sectam Priscilliani aera CCCCXXXVIII. In: CHADWICK, Henry (ed.). Priscillian of Avila: the occult and the charismatic in the early Church. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1976, p. 234-239.
Hier. Ep. = HIERONYMUS. Epistulae. In: MIGNE, Jean-Paul (ed.). Patrologia latina, t. 22. Turnholt: Brepols, 1983.
Hier. Vir. ill. = HIERONYMUS. Liber de uiris illustribus. In: MIGNE, Jean-Paul (ed.). Patrologia latina, t. 23. Turnholt: Brepols, 1983.
Hier. Chron. = HIERONYMUS. Eusebii Pamphili in librum II chronicorum S. Hieronymo interprete. In: MIGNE, Jean-Paul (ed.). Patrologia latina, t. 27. Turnholt: Brepols, 1983.
Hier. Ep. = HIERONYMUS. Epistulae. LOBOURT, Jérôme (ed.). Correspondance. 8 volumes. Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 2003.
Hyd. = HYDATIUS. Chronicon. TRANOY, Alain (ed.). Chronique. 2 volumes (SC 218-219). Paris: Les Éditions du Cerf, 1974.
ILS = Inscriptiones Latinae selectae, vol. 2.1. DESSAU, Hermannus (ed.). Berlim: Apud Weidmannos, 1902.
Ir. Aduer. haer. = IRENAEUS. Aduersus haereses. ROUSSEAU, Adelin & DOUTRELEAU, Louis (ed.). Contre les hérésies: livre I. 2 volumes (SC 263-264). Paris: Les Éditions du Cerf, 2008.
Is. Vir. ill. = ISIDORUS. De uiris illustribus liber. In: MIGNE, Jean-Paul (ed.). Patrologia latina, t. 83. Turnholt: Brepols, 1989.
Pacat. Pan. Lat. = LATINIUS PACATUS DREPANIUS. Panegyricus Theodosio Augusto dictus. In: Panegyrici Latini. In: GALLETIER, Édouard (ed.). Panégyriques latins, vol. 3. Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 2003.
Prisc. Tr. = PRISCILLIANUS. Tractati. SCHEPSS, Georg (ed.). Priscilliani quae supersunt (CSEL 18). Viena: F. Tempsky, 1889.
Prisc. Can. = PRISCILLIANUS. In Pauli apostoli canones a Peregrino episcopo emendati. In: CONTI, Marco (ed.). Priscillian of Avila: the complete works. Oxford/Nova York: Oxford University Press, 2010.
Prisc. Tr. = PRISCILLIANUS. Tractati. In: CONTI, Marco (ed.). Priscillian of Avila: the complete works. Oxford/Nova York: Oxford University Press, 2010.
Prosp. Chron. = PROSPERUS. Epitoma de chronicon. In: MOMMSEN, Theodorus (ed.). Monumenta Germaniae historica. Auctori Antiquissimi, t. 9. Berlim: Apud Weidmannos, 1892, p. 341-499.
Sulp. Sev. Chron. = SULPICIUS SEVERUS. Chronica. In: HALM, Carolus (ed.). Sulpicii Seueri libri qui supersunt (CSEL 1). Viena: Apud C. Geroldi Filium Bibliopolam Academiae, 1866.
Sulp. Sev. Chron. = SULPICIUS SEVERUS. Chronica. DE SENNEVILLE-GRAVE, Ghislaine (ed.). Chroniques (SC 441). Paris: Les Éditions du Cerf, 1999.
Sulp. Sev. Dial. = SULPICIUS SEVERUS. Dialogi. FONTAINE, Jacques; DUPRÉ, Nicole (ed.). Gallus: Dialogues sur les vertus de saint Martin (SC 510). Paris: Les Éditions du Cerf, 2006.
Bibliografia
BABUT, Ernest-Charles. Priscillien et le priscillianisme. Paris: Librairie Honoré Champion, 1909.
BERNAYS, Jacob. Über die Chronik des Sulpicius Severus: ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der klassichen und biblischen Studien. Berlim: Verlag von Wilhelm Hertz, 1861.
BOOTH, Alan D. Notes on Ausonius’ Professores. Phoenix, vol. 32, 1978, p. 235-249.
BOWES, Kim. “Une coterie espagnole pieuse”: Christian archaeology and Christian communities in fourth- and fifth-century Hispania. In: BOWES, Kim & KULIKOWSKI, Michael (org.). Hispania in late Antiquity: current perspectives. Leiden: Brill, 2005, p. 189-258.
BROWN, Peter. Through the eye of a needle: wealth, the fall of Rome, and the making of Christianity in the West, 350-550 AD. Princeton/Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2012.
BURRUS, Virginia. The making of a heretic: gender, authority, and the Priscillianist controversy. Berkeley/Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1995.
CAVALLERA, Ferdinand. Galla non gente sed nomine. Bulletin de littérature ecclésiastique, vol. 38, 1937, p. 186-190.
CHADWICK, Henry. Priscillian of Avila: the occult and the charismatic in the early Church. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1976.
D’ALÈS, Adhémar. Priscillien et l’Espagne chrétienne à la fin du IVe siècle. Paris: Gabriel Beauchesne et ses Fils, 1936.
ESCRIBANO, Victoria. Heresy and orthodoxy in fourth-century Hispania: Arianism and Priscillianism. In: BOWES, Kim & KULIKOWSKI, Michael (org.). Hispania in late Antiquity: current perspectives. Leiden: Brill, 2005, p. 121-149.
FIGUINHA, Matheus Coutinho. O monasticismo de Martinho de Tours e as aristocracias na Gália do século IV. Revista Brasileira de História, vol. 36, 2016, p. 13-33. Disponível em: <http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rbh/v36n71/en_1806-9347-rbh-2016v36n71_001.pdf>. Acesso em: 22/06/2016. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1806-93472015v36n71_001.
FONTAINE, Jacques. L’affaire Priscillien ou l’ère des nouveaux Catilina: observations sur le “sallustianisme” de Sulpice Sévère. In: BRANNAN, Patrick T. (org.). Classica et Iberica: a festschrift in honor of the reverend Joseph M.-F. Marique, S. J. Worscester (MA): Institute for Early Christian Iberian Studies, 1975, p. 355-392.
FONTAINE, Jacques. L’aristocratie occidentale devant le monachisme aux IVème et Vème siècles. Rivista di Storia e Letteratura Religiosa, vol. 15, 1979, p. 28-53.
GILLIARD, Frank D. Senatorial bishops in the fourth century. Harvard Theological Review, vol. 77, 1984, p. 153-175.
GREEN, Roger P. H. Prosopographical notes on the family and friends of Ausonius. Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies, vol. 25, 1978, p. 19-27.
JONES, Arnold Hugh Martin. The later Roman Empire, 284-602: a social, economic, and administrative survey. 2 volumes. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992.
JONES, Arnold Hugh Martin; MARTINDALE, John Robert; MORRIS, John. The prosopography of the later Roman Empire, AD 260-395, vol. 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1971.
KAJANTO, Iiro. The Latin cognomina. Helsinki: Keskuskirjapaino, 1965.
LOWE, Elias Avery. Codices Latini antiquiores: a paleographical guide to Latin manuscripts prior to the ninth century, vol. 9. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1959.
MATTHEWS, John Frederick. Western aristocracies and imperial court, AD 364-425. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990.
OLIVARES GUILLEM, Andrés. Prisciliano a través del tiempo: historia de los estudios sobre el priscilianismo. Madri: Fundación Pedro Barrié de la Maza, 2004.
PIAY AUGUSTO, Diego. Acercamiento prosopográfico al priscilianismo. Antigüedad y Cristianismo (Murcia), vol. 23, 2006, p. 602-604. Disponível em: <http://revistas.um.es/ayc/article/view/50111/48011>. Acesso em: 23/09/2016.
PIETRI, Luce & HEIJMANS, Marc. Prosopographie chrétienne du Bas-Empire: la Gaule chrétienne (314-614). 2 volumes. Paris: ACHCByz, 2013.
SANCHEZ, Sylvain Jean Gabriel. L’historiographie du priscillianisme (1559-2012). Disponível em: <http://sjgsanchez.free.fr/historiogsanchez.pdf>. Acesso em: 05/06/2017.
SIVAN, Hagith. Ausonius of Bordeaux: genesis of a Gallic aristocracy. Londres/Nova York: Routledge, 1993.
THURN, Hans. Die Handschriften der Universitätsbibliothek Würzburg: die Pergamenthand–schriften der ehemaligen Dombibliothek. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1984, vol. 3.1.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2018 Revista de História
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Autores que publicam nesta revista concordam com os seguintes termos:
- Autores mantém os direitos autorais e concedem à revista o direito de primeira publicação, com o trabalho simultaneamente licenciado sob a https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (CC BY). Esta licença permite que outros distribuam, remixem, adaptem e criem a partir do seu trabalho, mesmo para fins comerciais, desde que lhe atribuam o devido crédito pela criação original. É a licença mais flexível de todas as licenças disponíveis. É recomendada para maximizar a disseminação e uso dos materiais licenciados.
- Autores têm autorização para assumir contratos adicionais separadamente, para distribuição não-exclusiva da versão do trabalho publicada nesta revista (ex.: publicar em repositório institucional ou como capítulo de livro), com reconhecimento de autoria e publicação inicial nesta revista.
- Autores têm permissão e são estimulados a publicar e distribuir seu trabalho online (ex.: em repositórios institucionais ou na sua página pessoal) a qualquer ponto antes ou durante o processo editorial, já que isso pode gerar alterações produtivas, bem como aumentar o impacto e a citação do trabalho publicado (veja O Efeito do Acesso Livre).
