The intellectual construction of the “South West Region” (USA): a reflection on the use of the concept of “cultural area” as an ideological tool.
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2448-1750.revmae.2015.114977Keywords:
Cultural Area, American Archaeology, Southwest RegionAbstract
This article intends to discuss the intellectual establishment, in archaeology, of a concept that is today known as “The Southwest” – its alleged frontiers and its main characteristics, which would, presumably, define it and differentiate it from other regions - like Mesoamerica, for example. In order to better understand the background of such establishments, it was considered here important to investigate the construction of the “cultural area” concept, focusing on its relevance in American anthropology and archaeology since the beginnings of the XX century. Considering the establishment of the “frontiers” of the Southwest Region, it seems clear that its foundations were embedded by preconceived beliefs that, in general, understood the region as an “exclusion” of what was not Mesoamerica – or an area where supposed “intellectually inferior” humans groups had inhabited.
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References
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Anderson, D.G. 1999. Examining Chiefdoms in the Southeast: An Application of Multiscalar Analysis. In: Neitzel, J.E. Great Towns and Regional Polities in the Prehistoric American Southwest and Southeast. Albuquerque: University of Mexico Press, p. 215-241.
Aveni, A.F. 2005. Observadores del Cielo en El México Antiguo. México D.F.: Fondo de Cultura Económica.
Bandelier, A.F. 1892. Final Report of Investigations among the Indians of the Southwestern United States, Carried on Mainly in the Years from 1880 to 1885. Cambridge: Archaeological Institute of America, American Series,
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Bars Hering, C. 2015. O Dilema das “Fronteiras” Geográficas e Culturais ao Norte da Mesoamérica. Tese de doutorado. São Paulo: Museu de Arqueologia e Etnologia, USP.
Beekman, C. 2010. Recent Research in Western Mexican Archaeology. Journal of Archaeological Research, 18(1): 41-109.
Benedict, R. 1934. Patterns of Culture. Boston: Houghton Miffin, Bernal, I. 1980. A History of Mexican Archaeology. London: Thames and Hudson.
Blanton, R. E.; Kowalewski, S. A; Feinman, G. M; Finsten, L. 1993. Ancient Mesoamerica: A Comparison of Change in Three Regions. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press
Brotherston, G. 1992. Book of the Forth World: Reading the Native Americans through their Literature. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.
Brotherston, G. 2012. Papalo Poli: The Butterfly of Hermetic Design in Mesoamerica and Pueblo Texts. In: Bonfiglioli, C.; Gutiérrez, A. ; Hers, M.A. ; Levin, D. (eds.). Las vías del noroeste III. Genealogías, transversalidades y convergencias. Mexico: UNAM, p. 233-279.
Bunzel, R.L. 1929. The Pueblo Potter: A Study of Creative Imagination in Primitive Art. New York: Dover.
Bunzel, R.L. 1932. Introduction to Zuni Ceremonialism: Zuni origin myths; Zuni ritual pottery; Zuni katchinas: an analytical study. Forty - Seventh Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology for the Years 1929 - 1930: 467-1086.
Carrasco, D.S. 1997. Gatherers and Wobbling Suns: Astral Symbolism in the Aztec Tradition. History of Religions, 26 (3): 279-294
Cordell, L.; Plog, F. 1979. Escaping the Confines of Normative Thought: A Reevaluation of Puebloan Prehistory. American Antiquity, 44: 405-29
Crown, P. 1994. Ceramics and Ideology: Salado polychrome Pottery. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press
Di Peso, C. C. 1974. Casas Grandes: A Fallen Trading Center of the Gran Chichimeca. Dragon: American foundation, v. 1 a 8, (editado por Gloria Fenner).
FAMSI. 2014. Disponível em: http://www.famsi.org. Acessos em: 20 de outubro de 2014.
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Peregrine, P. N.; Feinman, G. M. (eds). PreColumbian World Systems. Madison: Prehistory Press, p. 65 - 76.
Fried, M. H. 1967. The evolution of political society: an essay in political anthropology. New York: Random House.
Gamble, C. 2008. Archaeology: The Basics. New York: Routledge.
Gomes, D.M.C. 2002. Cerâmica arqueológica da Amazônia: vasilhas da coleção Tapajônica MAE-USP. São Paulo: Edusp.
Gorenstein, S. 1996. Review of the Book Arqueología del occidente de México. Latin American Antiquity, 7 (1): 89-90.
Gumerman, G. J. 1988. The Anasazi in a Changing Environment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Harris, M. 1968. The Rise of Anthropological Theory. New York: T.Y. Crowell.
Haury, E. 1962. The Greater American Southwest. In: Braidwood, R. J.; Wiley, G. (eds). Courses Toward Urban Life. Viking Funding Publications in Anthropology, 32: 106-31.
Hays - Gilpin, K. A.; Hill, J. H. 1999. The Flower World in Material Culture: An Iconographic Complex in the Southwest and Mesoamerica. Journal of Anthropological Research, 55(1): 1-37
James, S. E. 2000. Some Aspects of the Aztec Religion in the Hopi Kachina Cult. Journal of the Southwest, 42(4): 897-926.
Jennings, J. D. 1956. The American Southwest: A Problem in Cultural Isolation. Memoirs of the Society for American Archaeology, 11: 59-127.
Johnson, G. A. 1997. Alfonso Ortiz, 57, Anthropologist of the Pueblo, Dies. The New York Times, 31 de janeiro de
1997. Fonte disponível em: http://www.nytimes.com/1997/01/31/us/alfonsoortiz-57-anthropologist-of-the-pueblo-dies.html?pagewanted=1. Acesso em: 26 de março de 2014.
Kelley, C. J. 1971. Archaeology of the Northern Frontier, Zacatecas and Durango. In: Bernal e Ekholm (eds.). Handbook of Middle American Indians. vol XI, Parte 2. s/l: University of Texas, 768-801.
Kirchhoff, P. 1943. Mesoamerica: Its geographic limits, ethnic composition and cultural characteristics. In: Sol Tax and the members of the Viking Fund Seminar on Middle American Ethnology. Heritage of Conquest: The Ethnology of Middle America. New York: Cooper Square Publishers, p. 17-30.
Kirchhoff, P. 1954. Gatherers and Farmers in the Greater Southwest: A Problem in Classification. American Anthropologist, 56: 529-550
Kirchhoff, P. 1960. Mesoamérica, sus límites geográficos, composición étnica y caracteres culturales. Suplemento de Tlatoani, 3:1-13
Kroeber, A L. 1931. Cultural and Natural Areas of Native North America. Berkeley: The University of California Press.
LeBlanc, S. A. 1986. Development of Archaeological Thought on the Mimbres Mogollon. In Reid; Doyel (eds.). Emil W. Haury’s Prehistory of the American Southwest. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, p. 179-209.
Lekson, S. H.1999. The Chaco Meridian. Walnut Creek: Altamira Press
Lekson, S. H. 2010. A History of the Ancient Southwest. Santa Fe: SAR Press.
López Aguilar, F. 2000. En la mirada del arqueólogo, una Mesoamérica ciega (entre mesoamericanistas te veas). México. INAH: Dimensión Antropológica, 19: 97–119.
López-Austin, A.; López-Luján, L. 1999. Mito y realidad de Zuyua. México DF: El Colegio de México. MAINE FARMINGTON UNIVERSITY. 2011.
Mapa com as Subdivisões em “áreas culturais” da América do Norte. Fonte disponível em: http://faculty.umf.maine.edu/walter.sargent/public.www/web%20230/unit%201%20old 20worlds.html.Acesso em: 26 de abril de 2011.
Marcus, J. 1978. The Handbook of Middle American Indians – A Retrospective Look. American Anthropologist, 80 (1): 85-100.
Mathiowetz, M. 2011. The Diurnal Path of the Sun: Ideology and Interregional Interaction in Ancient Northwest Mesoamerica and the American Southwest. Tese de doutorado. Riverside: University of California.
Mcguire, R. H. 1995. The Greater Southwest as a Periphery of South America. In: Champion (ed.). Centre and Periphery. London: Routledge, p. 41-66.
Mcguire, R. H. 2011. Mesoamérica, el noroeste de México y el suroeste de Estados Unidos. In: Williams, E. et al (eds.). Mesoamérica: Debates y Perspectivas. El Colegio De Michoacán, Zamora, p. 79-94.
McKusic, C. R. 2001. Southwestern Birds of Sacrifice. Phoenix: Arizona Archaeological Society.
Meighan, C. W. 1974. Prehistory of West Mexico. Science, 184:1254-1261.
Miller, M. 2006. The Study of the Pre-Columbian World. In: Quilter, J.; Miller, M. (eds). A Pre- Columbian World. Washington Dc: Dumbarton Oaks.
Morgan, L. H. 1877. Ancient Society or Researches in the Lines of Human Progress from Savagery through Barbarism to Civilization. London: MacMillan & Company.
Moran, E. F. 1994. Adaptabilidade Humana: uma Introdução à Antropologia Ecológica. Vol. 10. São Paulo: EDUSP.
Nelson, B. 2000. Aggregation, Warfare, and the Spread of the Mesoamerican Tradition. In: Hegmon, M. (ed).The Archaeology of Regional Interaction: Religion, Warfare and Exchange across the American Southwest and beyond. Bolder: University Press of Colorado, p. 317-337.
Neill, C. 1998. Intersocietal Interaction on the Northwest Mesoamerican Frontier. Dissertação de mestrado. McMaster University.
Pasztori, E. 1983. Aztec Art. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
Pauls, E. P. 2014. Culture Area. In: Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopedia Britannica on Line Academic Edition. Disponível em: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/146313/culture-area/274927/The-endurance-of-the-culture-area-approach. Acesso em: 02 de março de 2014.
Reed, E. K. 1964. The Greater Southwest. In: Jennings D.; Norbeck, E. (eds.) Prehistoric Men in the New World Chicago: University of Chicago Press, p. 175-191.
Reed, L.S.; Kelley, C.W.; Hays-Gilpin, A. 2000. From Brown to Gray – The Origins of Ceramic Technology in the Northern Southwest. In: Reed, P. F. Foundations of Anasazi Culture: The Basketmaker Pueblo Transition. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, p. 203-220.
Riley, C.L. 2005. Becoming Aztlan: Mesoamerican Influences in the Greater Southwest, AD 1200-1500. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.
Rodriguez-García, I. 2000a. Mesoamérica, ese oscuro objeto del deseo. México, INAH: Dimensión Antropológica, 19: 47–63.
Rodriguez-García, I. 2000b. Presentación. México, INAH: Dimensión Antropológica, 19: 03-07.
Rojas, J. L. 2005. Mesoamérica en el posclásico: el contexto imprescindible. Historia Mexicana, 54(3): 677-695
Sahlins, M.D. 1963. Poor Man, Rich Man, Big-man, Chief: Political Types in Melanesia and Polynesia. Comparative Studies in Society and History, 5: 285-303.
Searcy, M. T. 2010. Symbols and Sociopolitical Organization: Mesoamerican Iconography in the U.S. Southwest/Northwest Mexico. Tese de doutorado. University of Oklahoma.
Service, E. R. 1962. Primitive social organization: An evolutionary perspective. New York: Random House.
Schaafsma, P. 2001. Quetzalcoatl and the Horned and the Feathered Serpent of the Southwest. In: Taylor, V. Z.; Fields, V. The Road to Aztlan – Art from the mythic homeland. Los Angeles: Los Angeles County Museum of Art. p. 139-149.
Schaafsma, P.; Krupp, E.; Milbrath, S.; Mathiowetz, M.; Hall, R. L. 2011. White Paper: The Role of Venus in the Cosmologies of Mesoamerica, West Mexico, the American Southwest, and Southeast. Working Papers of
Santa Fe Institute: 1-36.
Schaafsma, P.; Taube, K. A. 2006. Bringing the Rain: An Ideology of Rain-making in the Pueblo Southwest and Mesoamerica. In:
Quilter, J.; Miller, M. (eds.). A Pre-Columbian World, Washington. D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks, p. 231-286.
Searcy, M. T. 2010. Symbols and Sociopolitical Organization: Mesoamerican Iconography in the U.S. Southwest/Northwest Mexico. Tese de doutorado. University of Oklahoma.
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTE. 2015. Handbook of the North American Indians. Disponível em: http://anthropology.si.edu/handbook.htm. Acesso em: 24 de marçode 2015
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Trigger, B. G. 1989. A History of Archaeological Thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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Vázquez Leon, L. 1996. El Leviatan arqueológico. Antropologia de una Tradición Cientifica en México. Leiden, Centrum voor NietWesterse Studies, CNWS Publications, Rijksuniversiteit te Leiden.
Whalen, M. E.; Minnis, P. E. 2003. The local and the Distant in the Origin of Casas Grandes, Chihuahua, México. American Antiquity, 68: 314-32
Wilcox, D. R. 1986. The Tepiman Connection: A Model of Mesoamerican –Southwestern Interaction. In: Mathien at al .(eds). Ripples in the Chichimec Sea. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, p. 135-54.
Willey, G. R. 1966. An Introduction to American Archaeology I. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall Inc.
Williams, E. 2011. Prehispanic West México: A Mesoamerican Culture Area. FAMSI - Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies. Disponível em: http://www.famsi.org/research/williams/. Acesso em: 31 deagosto de 2011.
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Wissler, C. 1923. Man and Culture. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company.
Wissler, C. 1927. The Culture-Area Concept in Social Anthropology. American Journal of Sociology, 32(6): 881- 891
Woods, C. A. 1934. A Criticism of Wissler’s North American Culture Areas. American Anthropologist, 36: 517-523.
Anderson, D.G. 1999. Examining Chiefdoms in the Southeast: An Application of Multiscalar Analysis. In: Neitzel, J.E. Great Towns and Regional Polities in the Prehistoric American Southwest and Southeast. Albuquerque: University of Mexico Press, p. 215-241.
Aveni, A.F. 2005. Observadores del Cielo en El México Antiguo. México D.F.: Fondo de Cultura Económica.
Bandelier, A.F. 1892. Final Report of Investigations among the Indians of the Southwestern United States, Carried on Mainly in the Years from 1880 to 1885. Cambridge: Archaeological Institute of America, American Series,
v. 3-4.
Bars Hering, C. 2015. O Dilema das “Fronteiras” Geográficas e Culturais ao Norte da Mesoamérica. Tese de doutorado. São Paulo: Museu de Arqueologia e Etnologia, USP.
Beekman, C. 2010. Recent Research in Western Mexican Archaeology. Journal of Archaeological Research, 18(1): 41-109.
Benedict, R. 1934. Patterns of Culture. Boston: Houghton Miffin, Bernal, I. 1980. A History of Mexican Archaeology. London: Thames and Hudson.
Blanton, R. E.; Kowalewski, S. A; Feinman, G. M; Finsten, L. 1993. Ancient Mesoamerica: A Comparison of Change in Three Regions. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press
Brotherston, G. 1992. Book of the Forth World: Reading the Native Americans through their Literature. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.
Brotherston, G. 2012. Papalo Poli: The Butterfly of Hermetic Design in Mesoamerica and Pueblo Texts. In: Bonfiglioli, C.; Gutiérrez, A. ; Hers, M.A. ; Levin, D. (eds.). Las vías del noroeste III. Genealogías, transversalidades y convergencias. Mexico: UNAM, p. 233-279.
Bunzel, R.L. 1929. The Pueblo Potter: A Study of Creative Imagination in Primitive Art. New York: Dover.
Bunzel, R.L. 1932. Introduction to Zuni Ceremonialism: Zuni origin myths; Zuni ritual pottery; Zuni katchinas: an analytical study. Forty - Seventh Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology for the Years 1929 - 1930: 467-1086.
Carrasco, D.S. 1997. Gatherers and Wobbling Suns: Astral Symbolism in the Aztec Tradition. History of Religions, 26 (3): 279-294
Cordell, L.; Plog, F. 1979. Escaping the Confines of Normative Thought: A Reevaluation of Puebloan Prehistory. American Antiquity, 44: 405-29
Crown, P. 1994. Ceramics and Ideology: Salado polychrome Pottery. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press
Di Peso, C. C. 1974. Casas Grandes: A Fallen Trading Center of the Gran Chichimeca. Dragon: American foundation, v. 1 a 8, (editado por Gloria Fenner).
FAMSI. 2014. Disponível em: http://www.famsi.org. Acessos em: 20 de outubro de 2014.
Feinman, G. M.; Nicholas, L. M; Upham, S. 1996. A Macroregional Comparison of the American Southwest and Highland Mesoamerica in Pre - Columbian Times: Preliminary Thoughts and implications. In:
Peregrine, P. N.; Feinman, G. M. (eds). PreColumbian World Systems. Madison: Prehistory Press, p. 65 - 76.
Fried, M. H. 1967. The evolution of political society: an essay in political anthropology. New York: Random House.
Gamble, C. 2008. Archaeology: The Basics. New York: Routledge.
Gomes, D.M.C. 2002. Cerâmica arqueológica da Amazônia: vasilhas da coleção Tapajônica MAE-USP. São Paulo: Edusp.
Gorenstein, S. 1996. Review of the Book Arqueología del occidente de México. Latin American Antiquity, 7 (1): 89-90.
Gumerman, G. J. 1988. The Anasazi in a Changing Environment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Harris, M. 1968. The Rise of Anthropological Theory. New York: T.Y. Crowell.
Haury, E. 1962. The Greater American Southwest. In: Braidwood, R. J.; Wiley, G. (eds). Courses Toward Urban Life. Viking Funding Publications in Anthropology, 32: 106-31.
Hays - Gilpin, K. A.; Hill, J. H. 1999. The Flower World in Material Culture: An Iconographic Complex in the Southwest and Mesoamerica. Journal of Anthropological Research, 55(1): 1-37
James, S. E. 2000. Some Aspects of the Aztec Religion in the Hopi Kachina Cult. Journal of the Southwest, 42(4): 897-926.
Jennings, J. D. 1956. The American Southwest: A Problem in Cultural Isolation. Memoirs of the Society for American Archaeology, 11: 59-127.
Johnson, G. A. 1997. Alfonso Ortiz, 57, Anthropologist of the Pueblo, Dies. The New York Times, 31 de janeiro de
1997. Fonte disponível em: http://www.nytimes.com/1997/01/31/us/alfonsoortiz-57-anthropologist-of-the-pueblo-dies.html?pagewanted=1. Acesso em: 26 de março de 2014.
Kelley, C. J. 1971. Archaeology of the Northern Frontier, Zacatecas and Durango. In: Bernal e Ekholm (eds.). Handbook of Middle American Indians. vol XI, Parte 2. s/l: University of Texas, 768-801.
Kirchhoff, P. 1943. Mesoamerica: Its geographic limits, ethnic composition and cultural characteristics. In: Sol Tax and the members of the Viking Fund Seminar on Middle American Ethnology. Heritage of Conquest: The Ethnology of Middle America. New York: Cooper Square Publishers, p. 17-30.
Kirchhoff, P. 1954. Gatherers and Farmers in the Greater Southwest: A Problem in Classification. American Anthropologist, 56: 529-550
Kirchhoff, P. 1960. Mesoamérica, sus límites geográficos, composición étnica y caracteres culturales. Suplemento de Tlatoani, 3:1-13
Kroeber, A L. 1931. Cultural and Natural Areas of Native North America. Berkeley: The University of California Press.
LeBlanc, S. A. 1986. Development of Archaeological Thought on the Mimbres Mogollon. In Reid; Doyel (eds.). Emil W. Haury’s Prehistory of the American Southwest. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, p. 179-209.
Lekson, S. H.1999. The Chaco Meridian. Walnut Creek: Altamira Press
Lekson, S. H. 2010. A History of the Ancient Southwest. Santa Fe: SAR Press.
López Aguilar, F. 2000. En la mirada del arqueólogo, una Mesoamérica ciega (entre mesoamericanistas te veas). México. INAH: Dimensión Antropológica, 19: 97–119.
López-Austin, A.; López-Luján, L. 1999. Mito y realidad de Zuyua. México DF: El Colegio de México. MAINE FARMINGTON UNIVERSITY. 2011.
Mapa com as Subdivisões em “áreas culturais” da América do Norte. Fonte disponível em: http://faculty.umf.maine.edu/walter.sargent/public.www/web%20230/unit%201%20old 20worlds.html.Acesso em: 26 de abril de 2011.
Marcus, J. 1978. The Handbook of Middle American Indians – A Retrospective Look. American Anthropologist, 80 (1): 85-100.
Mathiowetz, M. 2011. The Diurnal Path of the Sun: Ideology and Interregional Interaction in Ancient Northwest Mesoamerica and the American Southwest. Tese de doutorado. Riverside: University of California.
Mcguire, R. H. 1995. The Greater Southwest as a Periphery of South America. In: Champion (ed.). Centre and Periphery. London: Routledge, p. 41-66.
Mcguire, R. H. 2011. Mesoamérica, el noroeste de México y el suroeste de Estados Unidos. In: Williams, E. et al (eds.). Mesoamérica: Debates y Perspectivas. El Colegio De Michoacán, Zamora, p. 79-94.
McKusic, C. R. 2001. Southwestern Birds of Sacrifice. Phoenix: Arizona Archaeological Society.
Meighan, C. W. 1974. Prehistory of West Mexico. Science, 184:1254-1261.
Miller, M. 2006. The Study of the Pre-Columbian World. In: Quilter, J.; Miller, M. (eds). A Pre- Columbian World. Washington Dc: Dumbarton Oaks.
Morgan, L. H. 1877. Ancient Society or Researches in the Lines of Human Progress from Savagery through Barbarism to Civilization. London: MacMillan & Company.
Moran, E. F. 1994. Adaptabilidade Humana: uma Introdução à Antropologia Ecológica. Vol. 10. São Paulo: EDUSP.
Nelson, B. 2000. Aggregation, Warfare, and the Spread of the Mesoamerican Tradition. In: Hegmon, M. (ed).The Archaeology of Regional Interaction: Religion, Warfare and Exchange across the American Southwest and beyond. Bolder: University Press of Colorado, p. 317-337.
Neill, C. 1998. Intersocietal Interaction on the Northwest Mesoamerican Frontier. Dissertação de mestrado. McMaster University.
Pasztori, E. 1983. Aztec Art. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
Pauls, E. P. 2014. Culture Area. In: Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopedia Britannica on Line Academic Edition. Disponível em: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/146313/culture-area/274927/The-endurance-of-the-culture-area-approach. Acesso em: 02 de março de 2014.
Reed, E. K. 1964. The Greater Southwest. In: Jennings D.; Norbeck, E. (eds.) Prehistoric Men in the New World Chicago: University of Chicago Press, p. 175-191.
Reed, L.S.; Kelley, C.W.; Hays-Gilpin, A. 2000. From Brown to Gray – The Origins of Ceramic Technology in the Northern Southwest. In: Reed, P. F. Foundations of Anasazi Culture: The Basketmaker Pueblo Transition. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, p. 203-220.
Riley, C.L. 2005. Becoming Aztlan: Mesoamerican Influences in the Greater Southwest, AD 1200-1500. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.
Rodriguez-García, I. 2000a. Mesoamérica, ese oscuro objeto del deseo. México, INAH: Dimensión Antropológica, 19: 47–63.
Rodriguez-García, I. 2000b. Presentación. México, INAH: Dimensión Antropológica, 19: 03-07.
Rojas, J. L. 2005. Mesoamérica en el posclásico: el contexto imprescindible. Historia Mexicana, 54(3): 677-695
Sahlins, M.D. 1963. Poor Man, Rich Man, Big-man, Chief: Political Types in Melanesia and Polynesia. Comparative Studies in Society and History, 5: 285-303.
Searcy, M. T. 2010. Symbols and Sociopolitical Organization: Mesoamerican Iconography in the U.S. Southwest/Northwest Mexico. Tese de doutorado. University of Oklahoma.
Service, E. R. 1962. Primitive social organization: An evolutionary perspective. New York: Random House.
Schaafsma, P. 2001. Quetzalcoatl and the Horned and the Feathered Serpent of the Southwest. In: Taylor, V. Z.; Fields, V. The Road to Aztlan – Art from the mythic homeland. Los Angeles: Los Angeles County Museum of Art. p. 139-149.
Schaafsma, P.; Krupp, E.; Milbrath, S.; Mathiowetz, M.; Hall, R. L. 2011. White Paper: The Role of Venus in the Cosmologies of Mesoamerica, West Mexico, the American Southwest, and Southeast. Working Papers of
Santa Fe Institute: 1-36.
Schaafsma, P.; Taube, K. A. 2006. Bringing the Rain: An Ideology of Rain-making in the Pueblo Southwest and Mesoamerica. In:
Quilter, J.; Miller, M. (eds.). A Pre-Columbian World, Washington. D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks, p. 231-286.
Searcy, M. T. 2010. Symbols and Sociopolitical Organization: Mesoamerican Iconography in the U.S. Southwest/Northwest Mexico. Tese de doutorado. University of Oklahoma.
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTE. 2015. Handbook of the North American Indians. Disponível em: http://anthropology.si.edu/handbook.htm. Acesso em: 24 de marçode 2015
Steward, J. (ed.). 1948. Handbook of South American Indians. Smithsonian Institute.
Trigger, B. G. 1989. A History of Archaeological Thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Van Pool, C. S; Van Pool, T. L.; Phillips. A. 2006. The Horned serpent Tradition in the North American Southwest. In: Van Pool, C. S; Van Pool, T. L.; Phillips, A. (eds.). Religion of the Pre-Hispanic Southwest Archaeology or Religion Series. AltaMira: Lanham, p. 17-28
Vázquez Leon, L. 1996. El Leviatan arqueológico. Antropologia de una Tradición Cientifica en México. Leiden, Centrum voor NietWesterse Studies, CNWS Publications, Rijksuniversiteit te Leiden.
Whalen, M. E.; Minnis, P. E. 2003. The local and the Distant in the Origin of Casas Grandes, Chihuahua, México. American Antiquity, 68: 314-32
Wilcox, D. R. 1986. The Tepiman Connection: A Model of Mesoamerican –Southwestern Interaction. In: Mathien at al .(eds). Ripples in the Chichimec Sea. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, p. 135-54.
Willey, G. R. 1966. An Introduction to American Archaeology I. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall Inc.
Williams, E. 2011. Prehispanic West México: A Mesoamerican Culture Area. FAMSI - Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies. Disponível em: http://www.famsi.org/research/williams/. Acesso em: 31 deagosto de 2011.
Wissler, C. 1922. Los indios de los Estados Unidos de América. Buenos Aires: Paidós.
Wissler, C. 1923. Man and Culture. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company.
Wissler, C. 1927. The Culture-Area Concept in Social Anthropology. American Journal of Sociology, 32(6): 881- 891
Woods, C. A. 1934. A Criticism of Wissler’s North American Culture Areas. American Anthropologist, 36: 517-523.
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HERING, Cassia Bars. The intellectual construction of the “South West Region” (USA): a reflection on the use of the concept of “cultural area” as an ideological tool. Revista do Museu de Arqueologia e Etnologia, São Paulo, Brasil, n. 25, p. 169–190, 2015. DOI: 10.11606/issn.2448-1750.revmae.2015.114977. Disponível em: https://www.journals.usp.br/revmae/article/view/114977.. Acesso em: 18 may. 2024.
