Social inequalities, interdependencies and Afro-descendants in Latin America
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-20702012000200007Keywords:
Social inequalities, Global interdependencies, Afro-descendentsAbstract
Social inequalities have conventionally been investigated as synchronous processes occurring within the contours of national borders and connected to the concept of class. As a consequence established scholarship, especially in Latin America, has given little attention to the historical dimensions and global entanglements between class and other social classifications that have shaped existing inequalities. A number of recent contributions have attempted to correct these analytical shortfalls from a variety of perspectives. In order to overcome methodological nationalism, a first group of contributions has focused on the interconnections between national and global structures of inequality, showing how inequalities correspond to entanglements between social processes at different geographical levels: local, national, global. A second group of contributions has investigated the relationship between different axes of stratification, focusing on how social inequalities emerge at the intersections between different social ascriptions, particularly those of race, class, gender and ethnicity. This paper presents a brief survey of the debates in both fields as well as a set of resources for overcoming the current deficits in the research on interdependent inequalities. In order to illustrate how some of these resources operate analytically, the second half of the paper discusses the case of social inequalities affecting Afro-descendants in Latin America.Downloads
References
Acker, Joan. (2006), “Inequality regimes: gender, class, and race in organizations”. Gender & Society, 20 (4): 441-464.
Almeida, Miguel V. (2000), Um mar da cor da terra: raça, cultura e política da identidade. Oieieras, Celta.
Andrews, George Reid. (2004), Afro-latin America, 1800-2000. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
Antón, Jhon et al. (2009), Afrodescendientes en America Latina y el Caribe: del reconocimiento estadístico a la realización de derechos. Santiago de Chile, Cepal.
Bastide, Roger & Fernandes, Florestan. (1959), Negros e brancos em São Paulo. São Paulo, Cia. Editora Nacional.
Berger, Peter A. & Weiß, A. (orgs.). (2008), Transnationalisierung sozialer Ungleichheiten. Wiesbaden, vs.
Cardoso, Fernando H. (1962), Capitalismo e escravidão no Brasil meridional: o negro na sociedade escravocrata do Rio Grande do Sul. São Paulo, Difusão Europeia do Livro.
Cardoso, Fernando H. & Falleto, Enzo. (1969), Dependencia y desarollo en América Latina. México/Buenos Aires.
Cardoso, Fernando H. & Ianni, Octávio. (1960), Cor e mobilidade social em Florianópolis: aspectos das relações entre negros e brancos numa comunidade do Brasil meridional. São Paulo, Cia. Editora Nacional.
Conrad, Sebastian & Randeria, Shalini. (2002), “Einleitung. Geteilte Geschichten. Europa in einer postkolonialen Welt”. In:(orgs.). Jenseits des Eurozentrismus.
Postkoloniale Perspektiven in den Geschichts- und Kulturwissenschaften. Frankfurt a.M., Campus, pp. 9-49.
Costa, Sérgio. (2006), Dois Atlânticos. Teoria social, antirracismo, cosmopolitismo. Belo Horizonte, Editora ufmg.
. (2010a), “Da sociologia do racismo às políticas antirracistas: nexos difíceis”. In: D’Incao, M. A. & Martins, H. (orgs.). Democracia, crise e reforma. Estudos sobre a era Fernando Henrique Cardoso. São Paulo, Paz & Terra, pp. 245-268.
. (2010b), “Au-delà du métissage: antiracisme et diversité culturelle sous les deux gouvernements Lula”. Problèmes d’Amérique Latine, 78: 91-112.
. (2011), “Perspectivas y políticas sobre racismo y afrodescendencia en América Latina y el Caribe”. In: Hopenhayn, M. & Sojo, A. (orgs.). Sentido de pertenencia en sociedades fragmentadas: América Latina en una perspectiva global. Santiago de Chile, Cepal, pp. 173-188.
. (2012), “Freezing differences: politics, law, and the invention of cultural diversity in Latin America”. In: Araujo, Kathya & Mascareno, Aldo (orgs.).
Legitimization in world society. Farnham, Ashgate, pp. 139-156.
Costa, Sérgio & Gonçalves, Guilherme L. (2011), “Human rights as collective entitlement? Afro-descendants in Latin America and the Caribbean”. Journal for Human Rights/Zeitschrift für Menschenrechte, 2: 52-71.
Cruces, Guillermo et al. (2012), “Visibilidad estadística: datos sobre población afrodescendiente en censos y encuestas de hogares de América Latina”. Panamá, Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo/Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores de Noruega.
Degler, Carl N. (1976), Nem preto nem branco: escravidão e relações raciais no Brasil e nos Estados Unidos. 1ª edição 1971. Rio de Janeiro, Labor.
Fernandes, Florestan. (1965), A integração do negro na sociedade de classes. São Paulo, Dominus, 2 vols.
Gilroy, Paul. (1993), The black Atlantic. Cambridge, Harvard University Press.
. (2005), Postcolonial melancholia. Nova York, Columbia University Press.
. (2010), Darker than blue: on the moral economies of black Atlantic culture. Cambridge, ma, Harvard University Press.
Góngora-Mera, Manuel E. (2012), Transnational articulations of law and race in Latin America: a legal genealogy of inequality. Berlim, Working Paper desigualdades.net, n. 18.
Guimarães, Antonio S. (2002), Classes, raças, democracia. São Paulo, Fusp/Editora 34.
Hanchard, Michael. (1994), Orpheus and the power. Princeton, Princeton University Press.
Harris, Marvis. (1956), Town and country in Brazil. Nova York, Columbia University Press.
Hoffbauer, Andréas. (2006), Uma história de “branqueamento” ou o “negro” em questão. São Paulo, Editora da Unesp.
Ianni, Octávio. (1966), Raças e classes sociais no Brasil. Rio de Janeiro, Civilização Brasileira.
Korzeniewicz, Roberto Patricio. (2011), Inequality: on some of the implications of a world-historical perspective. Berlim, Working Paper Desigualdades.net, n. 3.
Korzeniewicz, Roberto Patricio & Moran, Timothy Patrick. (2008), “Rethinking inequality: a world-historical perspective”. Disponível em <http://gbif.ch/repository/default/content/sites/inequality08/files/shared/documents/papers/korzeniewich.
pdf>, consultado em 30/8/2011.
. (2009), Unveiling inequality: a world-historical perspective. Nova York, Russell Sage Foundation.
Kymlicka, Will. (2007), Multicultural Odysseys. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
Lovell, Peggy A. (1995), “Raça e gênero no Brasil”. Lua nova, 35, pp. 39-71.
Machado, Marta et al. (2008), “The public sphere and the anti-racism legal protections in Brazil”. Social Science Research Network, disponível em <http://www.ssrn.com/>, consultado em 13/4/2012.
Nobles, Melissa. (2000), Shades of citizenship: race and the census in modern politics. Stanford, Stanford University Press.
Olmos Giupponi, Belén M. (2010), “La protección de las comunidades afrodescendientes en el sistema interamericano: reflexiones a la luz del caso de las comunidades Jiguamiadó y de Curbaradó”. Revista Eletrónica Iberoamerica, 4 (2): 61-97.
Pierson, Donald. (1942), Negroes in Brazil. Chicago, University of Chicago Press.
Pries, Ludger. (2008), “Transnationalisierung und soziale Ungleichheit. Konzeptuelle Überlegungen und empirische Befunde aus der Migrationsforschung”. In: Berger, Peter A. & Weiß, A. (orgs.). Transnationalisierung sozialer Ungleichheiten. Wiesbaden, vs, pp. 41-64.
Reis, José J. (1999), “Slaves as agents of history: a noten on the new historiography of slavery in Brazil”. Ciência e Cultura, 51 (5, 6): 437-445.
Sansone, Livio. (2003), Blackness without ethnicity: constructing race in Brazil. Londres, Palgrave Macmillan.
Stewart, Frances. (2000), “Crisis prevention: tackling horizontal inequalities”. Oxford Development Studies, 28 (3): 245-262.
. (2010), “Por qué persisten las desigualdades de grupo? Las trampas de la desigualdad horizontal”. In: Jiménez, Félix (org.). Teoría económica y desigualdad social: exclusión, desigualdad y democracia. Homenaje a Adolfo Figueroa. Lima, Fondo Editorial de la puc – Peru, pp. 269-298.
Stewart, Frances, Brown, Graham & Mancini, Luca. (2005), “Why horizontal inequalities matter: some implications for measurement”. crise Working Paper, n. 19, University of Oxford. Disponível em <http://www.crise.ox.ac.uk/pubs/workingpaper19.pdf>.
Telles, Edward Eric. (2003), Racismo à brasileira: uma nova perspectiva sociológica. Rio de Janeiro, Relume Dumará.
Thorp, Rosemary & Paredes, Maritza. (2010), Ethnicity and the persistence of inequality: the case of Peru. Houndmills, Palgrave Macmillan.
Wade, Peter. (2005), “Rethinking mestizaje: Ideology and lived experience”. Journal of Latin American Studies, 37 (2): 239-257.
Wagley, Charles (org.). (1952), Race and class in rural Brazil. Paris, Unesco.
Walsh, Catherine. (2009), Interculturalidad, estado, sociedad: luchas (de) coloniales de nuestra época. Quito, Universidad Andina Simón Bolivar.
Weiß, Anja. (2005), “The transnationalization of social inequality: conceptualising social positions on a world scale”. Current Sociology, 53 (4): 707-728.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2015 Tempo Social
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.